70

TABLE 3.1 Different Endophytes, Their Host, and Stress Tolerance Mechanisms

Type of Stress

Endophytes

Host Plant

Mechanism

References

Drought

Salinity

Temperature

Bacillus subtilis

Pantoea alhagi

Sinorhizobium

meliloti

Trichoderma

harzianum

Phoma sp.

Piriformospora indica

Epichloë bromicola

Pantoea agglomerans

Streptomyces sp.

Curvularia sp.

Piriformospora indica

Burkholderia

phytofirmans

Pseudomonas

vancouverensis

Brachypodium

distachyon

Arabidopsis and

wheat

Medicago sativa

Oryza sativa

Pinus tabulaeformis

Brassica campestris

Hordeum

brevisubulatum

Zea mays

Oryza sativa

Poplar plant

Hordeaum Vulgare

Arabidopsis thaliana

Solanum

Lycopersicum

Upregulation of drought responsive genes

Accumulation of soluble sugars, decreased accumu-

lation of proline and protects chlorophyll contents

from degradation

Enhanced antioxidant enzymes system

Enhanced water uptake by upregulation of

aquaporins

Increased production of superoxide dismutase and

catalase

Increased production of antioxidant enzymes

Increased glycine betaine content, antioxidant con-

tent and photosynthesis

Improved water uptake by inducing membrane ions

channel

Decreased ethylene level and increased accumulation

of proline and Ca2+ ions

Induced antioxidant enzymes like SOD and APX

Increased antioxidant content and reduced ion

toxicity

Induced cold response signaling and photosynthetic

pigments

Membrane stabilization and induced proteins that

protects chilling stress

Gagne-Bourque et

al. (2015)

Chen et al. (2017)

Naya et al. (2007)

Pandey et al.

(2016)

Zhou et al. (2021)

Sun et al. (2010)

Chen et al. (2018)

Gond et al. (2015)

Jaemsaeng et al.

(2018)

Pan et al. (2018)

Baltruschat et al.

(2008)

Su et al. (2015)

Subramanian et al.

(2015)

Biology and Biotechnology of Environmental Stress Tolerance in Plants, Volume 3